Assessment of Methylene Chloride–Related Fatalities in the United States, 1980-2018

Anh Hoang, Kathleen Fagan, Dawn L. Cannon, Swati D. G. Rayasam, Robert Harrison, Dennis Shusterman, and Veena Singla

IMPORTANCE Methylene chloride is a halogenated organic solvent widely used in paint strippers, cleaners, adhesives, and sealants. Despite label warnings and occupational standards, methylene chloride–related fatalities continue to occur in the United States.

OBJECTIVE To identify and analyze methylene chloride–related fatalities in the US.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS For this case series,we conducted systematic searches of sources, including PubMed and government databases, for unintentional fatalities in the US that were associated with exposure to methylene chloride or products containing methylene chloride between 1980 and 2018.We reviewed all available information, including inspection reports, autopsy reports, and medical records; data analyses were conducted from August 2018 to August 2020. Cases were categorized as those occurring in the home(consumer deaths) or at work (occupational deaths).

EXPOSURES Methylene chloride or products containing methylene chloride.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES To determine characteristics of the methylene chloride–related fatalities, we recorded demographic information; the setting; circumstances, including information on safety measures used, if available; and products used. Where medical records were available, we recorded toxicology results and autopsy findings.We also obtained data about nonfatal methylene chloride cases from the American Association of Poison Control Centers.

RESULTS From 1980 to 2018, 85 methylene chloride–related fatalities were identified in the US, including 74 (87%) in occupational settings; of those who died, 75 (94%) were men, and for the 70 cases with available information, the median (interquartile range) age of the decedents was 31 (24-46) years. Paint strippers were the most common products involved in methylene chloride–related fatalities (n = 60). The proportion of occupational fatalities related to paint stripping increased from 22 (55%) before 2000 to 30 (88%) after 2000. Similarly, occupational fatalities associated with bathtub or paint stripping in bathrooms increased from 2 (5%) before 2000 to 21 (62%) after 2000. From 1985 to 2017, the American Association of Poison Control Centers documented 37,201 nonfatal methylene chloride cases, with a decrease in the annual number of cases starting in the late 1990s.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this case series demonstrated that despite regulations to address the toxic effects of methylene chloride use for consumers and workers, there are continuing fatalities in the US, particularly in occupational settings. Prevention of fatalities associated with methylene chloride exposure should emphasize the use of safer substitutes, rather than hazard warnings or reliance on personal protective equipment.